Dance In Public School Curricular Essay - 1490 Words

DANCE IN PUBLIC SCHOOL CURRICULA nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dancing is a form of art that allows many children to express themselves through body motion while developing many skills. Children throughout the world have been dancing since the day they began walking. When a child to take their first steps and puts together the simplest combination of movements, that would be considered as dancing. Music also plays a major role in the development of children understanding dance, because it is can be used as an accompaniment, and can help children get a better feel for the rhythm in dances. Over the past century educators have come to the conclusion that dance serves as a form of art, and should be taught in public schools and colleges to†¦show more content†¦Gertrude Colby developed a method of dance, which allowed a dancer to move freely through space, creating as many shapes, using different body parts, and different movements. This method of dance was known as natural dance. Bird Larson developed a system of m ovement, which would have its origin in the torso of the body, which would in effect represent a scientific movement. Margaret HDoubler probably had the greatest impact in public school of the three. HDoubler developed a dance program which was based on a scientific understanding of the nature of physical movement as well as a sound philosophy of creative expression. She also founded Orchesis, a dance club which served as a model for future clubs that followed. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the study of dance, people began realizing that dance was not a form of entertainment, but it also served as a great form exercise. When dance was first introduced into public schools, some educators embraced the new class, while others wanted nothing to do with dance in physical education. This meant that in some schools that did not have enough teachers to teach dance, the dance class was given to football coaches who did not believe in dance in school. Educators were not the only people that objected to dance in public schools, some community members feltShow MoreRelatedSchool Program For Physical Therapy930 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause of involvement in an extra-curricular activity on campus at CMU. â€Å"We all met through the school’s dance company,† Kalie Dickman, psychology major, said. â€Å"The funny thing is, none of us majored in dance or plan to pursue dancing specifically in our futures, but it is something we were all passionate about, so we wanted to stay involved after high school.† Dickman will be attending Central’s graduate school program for physical therapy. She plans to use her dance background along with her medicalRead MoreThe Case Study Of Ballet Philippines1307 Words   |  6 Pagesinadequate compensation of the performers forces them to leave the company after just a short span of time either to establish a small dance tutorial business by themselves or be hired by foreign dance companies. Analysis STRENGTHS Pioneers of Philippine Ballet. Ballet Philppines was the first Filipino ballet group to ever hold summer workshops and perform ballet dance concerts here in the Philippines. They started when the Cultural Center of the Philippines just barely started. Being the pioneerRead MoreEssay1079 Words   |  5 Pagesin life†. Due to it having the highest rate of failing classes. In order to increase student success at Anaheim Schools, we should spend more time in school. In Gladwell’s paper the KIPP Academy in New York. Certainly think the key to success is the SSLANT protocol to install the college mentality early on, going to passing periods quite in a single file line (maintain focus, in school to learn not to socialize) â€Å"These are kids here from 7:45 a.m. until 7 p.m. If you take an average day, and youRead MoreGoals of Mass Public Schooling1112 Words   |  4 PagesMass public schooling has traditionally proclaimed among its goals the following: (1) to help each stud ent gain personal fulfillment and (2) to help create good citizens. The two goals they claim here are for the betterment of the individual and the other for society that have an odd relation with one another. These two goals are what put schools at tough ends. The schools do not want to limit the students’ individuality but also want to encourage conformity to allow for students to mingle with otherRead MoreWhy Teacher Development Is Important1286 Words   |  6 Pagesis contribute by the school. †¢ School offers all staff members a Gratuity plan, where half a month’s salary per year of employment is deposited into Gratuity Fund by the school. This is available upon completing five years of service in the school. †¢ The School insures all staff members against accidents and illness, including hospitalization. †¢ All staff members who are confirmed in the services of the school are offered fee concession for their children studying in the school. This is limited toRead MoreThe Importance Of Theatre Arts For All High School Students1100 Words   |  5 Pagestheatre, I came across the highs and lows of having the lack of funding for theatre programs in school. The goal of this paper is to explain the importance of theatre arts in public schools across the United States. The Theatre Arts Department provides performing and creative experiences in Theatre for all High School students. Theatre Arts programs offer a wide range of curricular courses and extra-curricular activities. Learning and experiencing theatre arts correlate intensely with higher accomplishmentsRead MoreEssay on Homeschooling VS Public Schooling1211 Words   |  5 Pagesparents blindly consider homeschooling over public education. Several parents believe having their children stay at home with them and the family all day would assemble a better environment for them. Homeschooling doesnt just lack in socialization, but in education, resources, facilities, extra curricular activities, etc. Parents and children must accept much more additional responsibility along with tasks in their everyday lifestyle. Public educators rarely ever make a mistakeRead MoreMy Resume672 Words   |  3 PagesCheng Yu Lin Janice Blk 937 Hougang Street 92 #12-81 Singapore 530937 Home: 6 6441261 Mobile: 9 6402387 janny-manny@hotmail.com [pic] Job Objectives Expressing great interest in marketing public relations related positions. Hope to be given an opportunity to gain valuable experience in the trading sector and to contribute to the marketing and sales field. To be part of a dynamic team and to do my best in the company. To be able to bring my knowledge and skills to higher level andRead MoreStudents With Disabilities Of Physical Education1705 Words   |  7 Pages Students with Disabilities in Physical Education Megan R. Johnson Lincoln Memorial University â€Æ' Students with Disabilities in Physical Education More and more students with disabilities are being taught in the public school system today than in the past ten or so years. This gives the students the opportunity to learn and prosper in their least restrictive environment along with their peers. Many educators, as well as those in physical education, are learning how to implement and incorporateRead More My Home Schooling Experience Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent interpretations of the term home school and I feel obliged to explain my personal methods and philosophy. As copies of my curricula will be included in the Secondary School Report, I will not go into detail concerning the specific nature of my studies, but rather I will discuss my home schooling experience. I left traditional schooling at age nine, until which point I had attended the local public schools. Although I did well in the school system, I was often bored and complained that

Use Of Speech By The Federal Government - 1563 Words

The tests used by the federal government used to determine if certain types of speech can be censored or banned are as follows. The clear and present danger test which is a test where the government can restrict speech if there is evidence that the speech will cause a clear and present dangerous condition to the public(BardesShelley, 2014, p.122). Direct incitement test protects the advocacy of illegal action under the First Amendment unless imminent action is likely to happen. For Instance, it can apply to the Supreme Court case Brandenburg v. Ohio when a KKK leader’s conviction was overturned (BardesShelley, 2014, p.123). Bad Tendency test is when speech has a tendency to induce to induce illegal behavior (Notes). As defined in the Gitlow case when a left wing group was convicted of publishing a pamphlet that urged a violent overthrow of U.S. government (BardesShelley, 2014, p.123). The Test Defamation of character, or Libel is ruining an individual’s good name in whi ch the law bans individuals from making false, defamatory statements about others this includes slander (BardesShelley, 2014, p.124). I personally believe the press, entertainers and public have been, and are within the right of the First Amendment right, freedom of speech. Some of the information you hear in the media is not always beneficial for example, some new channels or people side with groups that provide only what they want you to hear, and not always the full story. Sometimes media is regulated,Show MoreRelatedMgmt 330 Mid Term Study Guide966 Words   |  4 Pages†¢ Constitutional Speech (Personal and Corporate) * (personal); afforded highest protection by the Courts. Balance must be struck between a government’s obligation to protect its citizens versus a citizen’s right to speech. In other words, if government suppresses speech it must be to protect the citizens. EX. Don’t yell fire in a crowded area. See below. * If restriction is content neutral, restrictions must target some societal problem – not to primarily suppress the message. Read MoreFreedom of Speech1252 Words   |  5 Pagesthe freedom of speech. At what point does one’s words, written or spoken, become inappropriate? Should Americans be held accountable for the things that they might say or write? Should there be consequences for publishing or broadcasting information that is not correct? How are Americans suppose to differentiate what should and should not be deemed common knowledge, or privileged information? These issues are an important aspect of being American. When examining freedom of speech, Americans shouldRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : Positive And Negative Impact On The World1251 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom of speech had a link of positive impacts to the world. One positive impact would be the citizens questioning the government about their personal interests and opinion on free speech. This means that before freedom of speech was questioned, many citizens did not have a voice. The government was not concerned with increasing indiv idual’s voices based on personal opinions and beliefs. When citizens began to question the government, the government had not one motive behind not giving individualsRead MoreHow Apple Has Satisfied The Warrant Issued By The Government Side With Smith V. Maryland Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagessatisfied the warrant issued by the government to the best of their ability. There is an implied social contract between citizens of the United States that living in a liberal democracy; one must give up some freedoms for the public safety of all. However, the FBI is asking for the exact opposite from Apple by asking them to give up the freedom of one iPhone that can potentially harm the freedom of millions of iPhones. The magistrate on behalf of the federal government issued a warrant on Apple to giveRead MoreSpeech On Freedom Of Speech1147 Words   |  5 Pages Freedom of speech serves to be a fundamental democratic right that affords every citizen participation in The United States constitutional democracy. It is a vital tool because it can be utilized by every person, rich, poor, black or white to voice their concerns and rejections of the federal or state government in hopes to bring about change. In addition, the first amendment allows for the free exchange of ideas, as it creates the moral imperative to challenge and oppose hateful ideas and celebrateRead MoreAnalysis Of A Time For Choosing By Ronald Reagan1327 Words   |  6 Pagesnational office, the former actor gave a speech in support of a doomed presidential candidate, Senator Barry Goldwater. This speech had little effect on 1964 presidential election. However, the â€Å"A Time for Choosing† speech established Ronald Reagan as the future of the conservative movement, and outlined his view of what America should be. â€Å"A Time for Choosing† fastened Reaganâ⠂¬â„¢s conservatism in the minds of both Republicans and Americans. This speech propelled Reagan to win the California governor’sRead MoreThe First Amendment Of The United States Constitution1090 Words   |  5 Pagesexpression from government interference. Freedom of expression consists of the rights to freedom of speech, press, assembly, the right to make a complaint or seek assistance from your government, and the rights to join or leave groups as we choose. The most basic part of freedom of expression is the right of freedom of speech. The right to freedom of speech allows us to be able to express ourselves without the worry of government control. The court system even requires that the government provide sufficientRead MoreFederal Elections Committee Vs. United States1389 Words   |  6 PagesCarly Stevens Sara Angevine American Government 10 May 2016 Federal Elections Committee versus Citizens United The increasingly popular organization, Citizens United, is focused on circumscribing government in order to decentralize power and place it in the hands of the people (â€Å"Who-We-Are†). Their firm beliefs are rooted in the ideas that the founding fathers had for this country based on values such as common sense, good will, and honesty (â€Å"Who-We-Are). Citizens United Productions, or (CUP) isRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The United States891 Words   |  4 Pagesfreedoms such as religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. In the 2010 case between Salazar and Buono, the First Amendment was put on trial in the Supreme Court Justice. The Supreme Court examined whether a religious cross, meant to honor World War I Veterans, violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. Frank Buono, a former preserve employee, filed the lawsuit to get rid of the religious cross in the reserve permanently, stating that it was built on federal land thus creating a senseRead MoreA merican Flag And Draft Card Burning1190 Words   |  5 Pagesthe First and Fourteenth Amendment by making it illegal to display red flags that suggested support of organizations that dissented organized government or favored anarchic action (Communism). This case was a significant landmark in constitutional law because of the Court’s use of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect a First Amendment right, symbolic speech, from state infringement. It impacted American society in a positive way because it expanded the freedoms in the First amendment and created the

Things that affect the human body and attack its defence systems Free Essays

string(89) " is oxidized in the liver and the remainder is discharged through the lungs and kidneys\." There are many things that affect the human body and attack its defence systems,they can be naturally occouring in the environment or self inflicted or caused by societys pollution of our planet. Below are some conditions, with the effects that they cause to the human body and its defence mechanisms. Alcohol consumption is a health issue which affects the vast majority. We will write a custom essay sample on Things that affect the human body and attack its defence systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now A great many people drink alcohol regularly. Although they may not be alcoholic in the sense of being addicted to alcohol, they neverthelesss expose themselves to health risks. The alcohol in wines, beers and spirits is a depressant of the central nervous system. Small amounts gives a sense of well-being, with a realease from anxiety. However, this is accompanied by a fall-of in performance in any activity requiring skill. It also gives a misleading sense of confidence. The drunken driver usually thinks he or she is driving very well. Even a small amount of alcohol in the blood increases our reaction time. In some people, the reaction time is doubled even when the alcohol in the blood is well below the legal limit laid down for car drivers. This can make a big differenece in the time needed for a driver to apply the brakes after seeing a hazard. Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory System Alcohol reduces inhibitations and it can lead to irresponsible behaviour such as vandalism and aggression. Alcohol causes vaso-dilation in the skin, giving sense of warmth but in fact leading to a greater loss of body heat. A concentration of 500mg of alcohol in 100 cubic cm of blood results unconsciousness. More than this will kill, by stopping the action of the breathing centre in the brain. High doses of alcohol can harm virtually every organ in humans body. Many of these effects are reversible with abstinence, others are not. (2) Esophagus. Alcohol is associated with nearly half of the cancers of the esophagus, mouth, and larynx. Peole who vomit too intensely after getting drunk can cause tears in their esophagus. Brain. Alcohol depresses the central nervous system and contracts brain tissue. It destroys brain cells – which unlike many other types of cells in the body, do not regenerate. Taken in large amounts over a long period of time, alcohol can cause serious problems with cognition and memory. Heart. Heavy drinking can cause heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and heart failure. Even social drinkers who binge on special occasions can sometimes get bouts of irregular heartbeats. Lungs. Heavy drinkers have more pulmonary infections and can be more susceptible to pneumonia and lung collapse. As intoxicated person loses his reflexses and can’t clear his airway when he vomits. Stomach contents may get sucked into the lungs, which can lead to choking or pneumonia. Liver. Liver damage often begins with a fatty liver, and may progress to alcoholic hepatitis. That may be followed by the buidup of scar tissue known as cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can change the structure of the liver and choke off blood flow. This can cause varicose veins, which can rupture, triggering catastrophic bleeding. Stomach. Alcohol irritates the stomach, and can cause gastritis, ulcers and acid reflux. Gastritis is an inflamation of the mucous membrane that lines the stomach. Erosion in that lining can cause constant oozing of blood into the stomach or, if a vessel ruptures, major bleeding. Kidneys. Alcohol is a diuretic that increases urine output. Prolonged heavy drinking can cause kidney failure. Small intestines ; pancreas. Alcohol blocks the absorption and breakdown of nutrients by damaging the cells lining the stomach and intestines, and by decreasing the amount of digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas. The pancreas can become inflamed and leak digestive enzymes, which then attackthe pancreas itself. Reproductive system. In men, it impairs the production of sperm and testosterone, and can lead to interfility and impotance. In women, the effect can be decreased estrogen metabolism in the liver which increases the amount of estrogen circulating the body, which can contribute to menstrual irregularities and even interfility. Blood. Prolonged alcohol abuse can cause anemias and abnormal blood clotting, which results in excessive bleeding and easy bruising. It also impairs the functionof white blood cells, increasing susceptibility to infection. Joints ; muscles. Alcohol dependence can cause osteoporosis ; arthritis, and deform the joints. It can atrphy muscles and cause acute muscle pain and weakness. Skin. Alcohol causes the small blood vessels in the skin to dilate(open), which results in a rush of warm blood to the surface. This makes the skin look flushed and gives the person a false feeling of â€Å"being hot†. (13) Heavy drinking during pregnancy can lead to deformed babies. Alcohol can cross the placenta and damage the foetus. Pregnant women who take as little as one alcoholic drink a day are at risk of having babies with lower than average birth weights. These under-weight babies are more likely to become ill. All levels of drinking are thought to increase the risk of miscariage. (1) The affects of alcohol vary with different people. Alcohol is a drug and must be handled with care. Knowing its uses and abuses is just imporatnt as reading the instructions on a bottle of pills. It is basic preventive medicine to know how your body handlers alcohol, how much is safe to drink, and, finally, how your body gets rid of it. When people drink small of alcohol enters directly into bloodstream through the lining of the mouth and throat. The remaining amount of alcohol is absorbed by the stomach or intestine. At this point the alcohol is then dispersed uniformly throughout the body. Its effects are similar to ether or chloroform, affecting all part of the body controlled by the brain. The ability to make appropriate judgements and to exercise self-control is affected. Alcohol must be broken down in order to leave the system. More than 90 percent of the alcohol is oxidized in the liver and the remainder is discharged through the lungs and kidneys. You read "Things that affect the human body and attack its defence systems" in category "Papers" It takes just as long for the experienced drinker to eliminate alcohol as it does for the inexperienced drinker. (15) Ultraviolet light is a part of the light spectrum that is invisible to the human eye. Part of sunlight is UV light, which creates warmth, light, photosynthesis in plants, and vitamin D synthesis in the body. The sun produces about three types of UV lights: UVA, UVB, UVC. The ozone layer filters out UVC. UVA, however, has a long wavelenght light, so a certain amount reaches the earth’s surface. UVA is the predominant light to reach earth. UVA causes damage to cellular membranes and DNA, and has been implicated in ageing of the skin and the development of skin cancer. Scientists believe it is UVB lights that are the paramount cause of premature ageing of skin, sunburn, skin cancers and other skin problems, despite the fact that UVB lights constitute for only 1% of UV lights that reach our skin. (4) UV light is beneficial for people and essential in the production of vitamin D, which is absorbed into the bloodstream and nourishes and helps to maintain bone tissue. Also UV light activates the pigment melanin in the skin, and thereby creates a tan. Many people feel better when they have a tan, as it gives a healthy appearance. It is also used to treat several diseases, including rickets, psoriasis, eczema and jaundice. This takes place under medical supervision and the benefits of treatment versus the risk of UV light exposure are matter of clinical judgement. Ultraviolet light can be harmful to humans. Prolonged human exposure to UV light may result in acute and chronic health effects on the skin, eye and immune system. (3) Sunburn (erythema) is the best known acute effect of excessive UV light exposure. Over the longer term, UV light induces degenerative changes in the cells of the skin, fibrous tissues and blood vessels leading to premature skin ageing, photodamage and actinic keratoses. Sun-damaged skin develops a thickened epidermis. This is caused by faster cell renewal, which is part of the immediate defence mechanism of the skin. The epidermis will return to normal provided the skin is not repeatedly over- exposed. Constant exposure to sunlight causes the melanocytes to become chronically over-active, resulting areas of excessive melanin in the skin. Eventually, areas of damaged skin made up of increased numbers of melanocytes and increased melanin synthesis develop. Up to around 85% of the overall appearance of ageing makes photoageing. It is a slow process and proceeds for several decates before it becomes obvious. The degree of photoageing is determined by the skin type and by the total lifetime sun exposure. People who spend their lives almost entirely indooors show very little skin damage. The degree of damage to tissues in different regions of the body is directly propotional to the amount of sunlight received. In chronically sun-damaged skin the epidermis as a whole becomes thicker, and loses some of its undulations. This is probably because marginally more daugter cells are produced by the basal layer, and produced more quickly. The effect is that the spiny layer and the dranular layer thicken up. The speed at which cells are replaced slows down, and some of the function of skin, including controlling water loss, may become less efficient. There is less elasticity and increased fragility. Skin becomes dry, flaky and less reflective of light. As photoageing begins, the small blood capillaries in the dermis decrease in number and the remaining blood vessels become tortous and dilated. The elastic fibres degenerate, producing a thickened mass that replaces the collagen. Seriously photoaged skin is dry, deeply wrinkled, yellow and rough. It may be marked with darkly pigmented or whitish spots, which respectively show where levels of pigment are higher or lower than normal. With increasing sun damage small blood vessels in the dermis will become more obvious and will form the red, finely branching, spider-like marks (â€Å"broken veins†). These blood vessels are easily damaged, resulting in greater fragility of the skin, with the development of spots. Loss of elastic fibres around the blood vessels of the lower lips and ears – areas especially sensitive to chronic sun damage – may result in dilated veins. On the other hand, in protected skin the vessels tend not to be so dilated or damaged. As its worst, skin that has been over-exposed to the sun for many years looks like old leather. Constant exposure to UV light over many years can result in warty spots on the skin, called actinic keratoses. The appearance of actinic keratoses means that the skin has received far too much sun and could develop a skin cancer eventually. (4) There are three main types of cancer: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer. The skin is formed of three layers. The deepest, the subcutaneous layer, is composed of fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the underlying muscle. Above that is the dermis, the layer that containssweat glands, oil glands, and other structures of the skin. The third layer, on the surface is called the epidermis; it is there that most skin cancers arise. Basal cell carcinomas arise in the lowest of the epidermis, the basal cell layer. This type of cancer can have many different appearances: a red patch or irritated area; a small, pink pearly bump, a white or yellow scar-like area; a smooth growth with a dent in the center, or an open sore that bleeds or oozes. Basal cell carcinomas rarely spread throughout the body and death from them very rare; however, because they often occur on the face, their locally destructive effects can result in serious cosmetic deformity if not diagnosed and treated early. Squamous cell carcinoma arise from the upper levels of the epidermis, usually on places that have been exposed to the sun. Squamous cell carcinomas are most commonly found on the ears, the face, and the mouth. This type of skin cancer often arises from a precancerous lesion known as an actinic keratosis, a type of lesion that appears as a rough, flat pink spot. If the lesion becomes cancerous, it’s usually raised above the normal skin surface and is firmer to the touch. Squamous cell tumour tend to be more aggresive than basal cell tumours, and are slightly more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Melanoma, the most serious form of cancer, is not as common as the other two major types of skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell cardinomas). Melanoma begins in melanocytes, the cells in the epidermal layer of the skin that produce the pigment melanin. Melanin in normal melanocytes produces â€Å"tan† skin as a response to damage from UV light. Melanoma can arise by several routes. Sometimes it arises directly from a melanocyte. Sometimes, the melanocyte first turns into a normal mole or irregular mole, and then becomes cancerous. Melanocytes can also be found in the eye and internal organs, where they also become cancerous on occasion. Melanomas are cancerous, but the large majority do not spread right away. Many begins as a â€Å"melanoma in situ†. During that stage, the growth does not venture beyond the very most superficial layer of skin, the epidermis. In a second stage, melanoma can penetrate the lower layer of the skin, the dermis. If the melanoma penetrates very deeply into the dermis, it may progress to a vertical growth phase – in which it can metastasize, or spread throughout body. Melanoma more often shows up on the trunk of the body and on the arms and legs, it can develop on any part of the body – including those never exposed to the sun. 14) A large proportion of skin cancers can be prevented and, if not prevented, they are curable if recognised and treated when at early stage of development. UV can also damage the surface of the eye, called the cornea, and cause cataracts, macular degeneration, scarring on the cornea and skin cancer of the eyelids and area around the eye. UVB can cause a sunburn on the cornea, the clear membrane that covers the front of your eyes. Corneal sunburn, called photokerastitis, can occur after long hours at the beach or on the ski slopes without sunglasses or goggles. It is not permanent, but it can be painful and cause temporary vision loss. Sun damage can also cause scars on the surface of the eye, called pinquecula, which are raised, yellowish, benings lumps that grow near the nose. These can be removed wity surgery. (8) More serious effects of UV are cataracts and macular degeneration. Cataracts – the clouding of the lens of the eye, the number one cause of reversible blindness – and macular degeneration are the leading causes of decreased vision among people older then 60. Cataracts can be treated with surgery. The UV damage to the eye is cumulative and much of it is preventable by wearing quality sunglasses or contact lenses to make sure they block UV light. They are a sunscreen for our eyes. (10) All people regardless of skin pigmentation, are susceptible to damage to their immune system as a result of UV light. The absorbtion of UV light leads to immunosuppresion. As UV light are absorbed by a human being, there is a decreased immune response. This reaction is favourable because there is no excessive swelling and damage to the skin as result of sun exposure. The drawback of decreased immune response is that when infection diseases do attack the body, a significant forceful immune reaction is needed. As a result, cancer often developes and spreads in the body because the immune systems has not the strenght to fight it due its suppresion by damage UV light. Other immune system damage is seen in the form of skin hypersensitivity and reactions to certain medications. UV light is very dangerous to the human immune system and should be avoided to prevent cancer and other infectious, life-threatening diseases. (16) Cold injuries result from overxposure to cold air or water and occur in two major forms: localised injuries (such as frostbite) and systemic injuries (such as hypothermia). (4) The risk of serious cold injuries, especially hyporthermia, is increased by youth, lack of insulating body fat, wet or inadequate clothing, old age, drug abuse, cardiac disease, smoking, fatigue, hunger and depletion of caloric reserves, and excessive alcohol intake (which draws blood into capilaries and away from body organs). (1) Frostbite is a medical condition that can happen to anyone. It is when the skin and/or tissue under the skin freezes and causes cell damage. This is caused by exposure to cold, either through the air or through a chemical exposure. When people are exposed to cold with the extremities including their feet, hands, nose, ears, and face being at the highest risk, the blood vessels constrict. This is a natural reaction to prevent body heat loss and hyporthermia. With the loss of warming blood flow the fluid within cells and tissues start to freeze forming ice crystals. These ice crystals take up more room within the cells then when in a fluid state, and cause the cells to rupture. Also, sudden warming can cause the cells rupture. Under extreme conditions frostbite can occur in seconds. Factors like wind chill, alcohol consumption, getting wet or being damp and how long you are exposed to the cold all impact how quickly and how severe frostbite can be. The elderly, young children, people with circulation disorders, and people from tropical climates have a higher risk factor of getting frostbite. People who have had previous cold injuries are also particularly at risk of getting injuries again in the same places. Frostbite comes in three levels of severity or degrees: *First degree, also called frost nip. It presents itself as numbed skin that has turned white in colour. The skin may feel stiff to the touch, but the tissue under is still warm and soft. There is very little chance of blistering, infection or permanent scarring as long as it is treated properly. *Second degree, superficial frostbite. It is a serious medical condition that needs to be treated by a trained medical professional. The skin will be white or blue and will feel hard or frozen. The tissue underneath is still undamaged. Blistering is likely which is why medical treatment should be sought out. Proper treatment is critical to prevent severe or permanent injuries. *Third degree, deep frostbite. The skin is white, blotchy and/or blue. The tissue underneath is hard and cold to the touch. This is a life threatening injury. Deep frostbite needs to be treated by a trained medical professional. The tissue underneath has been damaged, in severe cases amputation may be the final resource to prevent severe infection. Blistering will happen. Proper medical treatment in a medical facility with personnel trained to deal with severe frostbite injuries is required to aid in the prevention of severe or permanent injury. (9) Prevention of frostbite is actually very simple and for the most part is based on common sense. Hypothermia is heat loss at the body core, and it results from exposure to cold with the addition of other heat loss mechanisms. A healthy person’s body temperature can fluctuate between 36. 1 degrees and 37. 8 degrees. Hypothermia is considered to begin once the body temperature reaches 35 degrees, thought even smaller drops in temperature can have an adverse effects. Hypothermia is divided into two types: primary and secondary. Primary hypothermia occurs when the body’s heat-balancing mechanisms are working properly but are subjected to extreme cold, whereas secondary hypothermia affects people whose heat-balancing mechanisms are impaired in some way and cannot respond adequtely to moderate or perhaps even mild cold. Primary hypothermia typically involves exposure to cold air or immension in cold water. The cold air variety usually takes at least several hours to develop, but immersion hyporthermia will occur within about an hour of entering the water, since water draws heat away from the body much faster than air does. In secondary hyporthermia, the body’s heat-balancing mechanisms can fail for any numbers of reasons, including strokes, diabetes, malnutrition, bacterial infection, thyroid disease, spinal cord injuries, and the use of medications and other substances that affect the brain or spinal cord. Alcohol is one such substance. In smaller amounts it can put people at risk by interfering with their ability to recognize and avoid cold-weather dangers. In larger amounts it shuts the body’s heat-balancing mechanisms. Secondary hypothermia is often a threat to the elderly, who may be on medications or suffering from illnesses that affect their ability to conserve heat. Malnutrition and immobility can also put the elderly at risk. (12) The signs and symptomps of hypothermia follow a typical course, thought the body temperatures at which they occur vary from person to person depending on age, health, and other factors. The impact of hypothermia on the nervous system often becomes apparent quite early. Coordination may begin to suffer as soon as body temperature reaches 35 degrees. The early signs of hypothermia also include cold and pale skin and intensive shivering; the latter stops between 32. 2 and 30 degrees. As body temperature continues to fall, speech becomes slurred, the muscles go rigid, and the victim becomes disoriented and experiences eyesight problems. Other harmful consequences include dehydration as well as liver and kidney failure. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure rise during the first stages of hypothermia, but fall once the 32. 2 degrees mark is passed. Below 30 degrees most victims are comatose, and below 27. 8 degrees the heart’s rhythm becomes dangerously disordered. Yet even at very low body temperatures, people can survive for several hours and be succesfully revived, thought they may be appear to be dead. (12) People who spend time outdoors in cold weather can reduce heat loss by wearing their clothing loosely and in layers and by keepimg their hands, feet, and head well covered. Because water draws heat away from the body so easily, staying dry is important. Alcohol should be avoided because it promotes heat loss by expanding the blood vessels that carry body blood to the skin. Alcohol consumption, exposure to ultra violet light and cold injurys have harmful effects on our body and its defence mechanisms. It affects virtually all areas of a person’s life; socially, psychologically, physiologically and mentally. It can be easily avoided by using just a little common sense. How to cite Things that affect the human body and attack its defence systems, Papers

Black Lives Matter and Respectability Politics

Question: Discuss about the Black Lives Matter and Respectability Politics. Answer: Introduction: Black lives Matter is an organization that has received countrywide attention recently for illegally shutting down highways with their marches and making extraordinarily aggressive anti-police statements. Whilst it is far achievable that an intensive institution would shape in a country as large as America. It is very extraordinary that the U.S president might help push its dangerous agenda. The black lives count number motion commenced after the dying of Trayvon Martin and made well-known after the death of Michael brown. Each of these killings had been deemed justified through the justice machine. President Barack Obama has helped legitimize the motion. Just weeks after browns demise, and before he had any facts at the case, the president was already making remarks that insinuated the police had stated that something was wrong (Cohen Jackson, 2016). Goals and Objectives For almost two years, Black lives matter, a protest movement has agitated the nation. The killing of Michael Brown in Furguson, Missouri, in August 2014 triggered the beginning of this movement. Moreover, the movement states that the biggest danger facing the young black men is the racist officers. This belief has contributed to protests, killings, and an operation to exclude old dated jury proceedings in court when officers use excessive force, and a presidential mandate on implementing policies (Powell Kelly, 2017). Even if the U.S Justice system has tried to hide the truth that Michael Brown was killed by the police while surrendering, Michael is still considered as a Martyr. The officers are trying to abolish the proactive policing due to the relentless attention directed to them in the media and on the streets. This has led to the increase in violent crime. It is important to evaluate the Black Lives Matter movements critical point, that police officials are the biggest danger to black individuals. Therefore, there are two counter hypothesis that I propose. Firstly, there is no regime more focused to the aspect that black lives matter than the officers and secondly, that we have been obsessed about the mentioned cop brutality over the past two decades, so that to prevent the greater issue- black-on-black crime (Hamilton, 2016). It is important to note that the police officers have a concise duty to treat everybody with respect and courtesy, and to act in accordance with the law. Most of the times, officers start developing an extreme, obnoxious attitude. In addition, it is normal that being commanded when you are not guilty of any unlawful act is humiliating, irritating and oftenly frightening. Most importantly, each unlawful shooting by police officers of unarmed individual is a very disturbing tragedy (Garza, Tometi Cullors, 2014). Referring to the subject of racism and complicity of officers in this nation, it is clear that there have been an increment of police officers killing black men. This history shows you how many individuals view the police. Therefore, there is need to properly train the police in the constitution or else there will be more threats to police with potentially dangerous force. According to Matter, the black violent crime rate shows that 26 percent of victims shot by the police are black. The usage of force by the police will happen where the officers interrelate most frequently with armed gangs, violent criminals, and those individuals resisting arrests, and especially in black dominated states. In 2009, Americas biggest states, for instance blacks consisted 60 percent of all theft respondents, 57 percent of all homicide respondents, 40 percent of all violent respondents (Obasogie Newman, 2016). Over the last decade, 45 percent of all police killers have been black. Also, a big ratio of Hispanic and white homicide deaths have been caused by police shootings than black homicide deaths. This information will not be dispatched by the mass media or from political sympathizers of the Black Lives Matter movement. In addition, 12 % of all Hispanic and White are murdered by cops in comparison to 4 % of all black murder victims. Standard anti-cop strategy that is stipulated by the Academy or ACLU highlights that prosecution activities are discriminatory if they do not follow the populace data (White, 2016). New York town describes why that information is so misinterpreted. Moreover, blacks in New York City constitute 23 % of the total population, but they get involved in more than half of all shootings, 70 %of all burglaries and 65 % of all assault crimes. Each year, almost 6,000 blacks are killed (White, 2016). This number is Bigger than Hispanic and White murders combined, even if blacks constitute 15 % of the countrys population (Burns, 2016). Blacks are murdered at almost ten times the amount of Hispanics and white combined. Blacks ranging between the ages of 20 and 24 in Los Angeles are killed at a rate20 to 30 times the countrys mean (Edwards, 2016). The increased homicide killings of blacks is because of the increased black violent crime rates. According to Baker, black men estimated between the age of 14 to 17 years commit murder at eight times more than the Hispanic and white men included. The police should stop the use of excessive force (Baker, 2016). This will have a good impact on the black deaths by murder rates. On March 11, 2015, as demonstrators had been were meeting at the Ferguson police head office trying to fight of the whole police unit, a six-12 months-antique boy known as Marcus Johnson become killed some miles away in a St. Louis Park, he was killed because of taking pictures of the events that were happening. It is unusual that no one protested his murder. Also, Sharpton did no longer call for a fede ral analysis. Last year, ten kids below the age of eight were murdered in Baltimore (Bender, 2017). Also, in Cleveland, three kids between the age of two and five were murdered in September. Moreover, a young boy was murdered in Chicago during the Fourth of July weekend by a bullet which was meant for his dad. In November, a young child aged ten years was driven into a valley and murdered by his Dads gang members. However, the dad refused to name the culprits involved. It is important to note that Hispanic shootings represent 97 % of all illicit gunfire in Town. Whites are 30 % of the city's populace, yet they are involved in less than 3% of all murders, 4 % for petty thefts, and 5 % of all vicious wrongdoing. These information shows that that for all intents and purposes every time an officer is killed in New York during a crackdown, implies that somebody has simply been shot, therefore, the officers should be summoned (Purtle, 2015). Officers have not succeeded in finding perpetrators of white shooting suspects, but it is rarely that this happens (Mead, 2015). This frequency of wrongdoing means that blacks have a much greater possibility than the whites of being stopped by the police in light of the fact that they look as suspects. This is just an assumption that the police make. However, it is a reality constrained on them by the truths of wrongdoing. There are large topographical disparities in different states. In Brownsville, Brooklyn, the charges for capital shooting is eighty one times better than in close by bay ridge. Blacks are the most common community in Brooklyn. Also, the next biggest community constitutes most of white and Asian (Hooker, 2016). This has caused the police to be always present and use of extreme forces are a lot greater in Brownsville as compared to Bay ridge. Each time there is a fight, the police will move to the region to try and stop it, this is an effective way to avoid retaliatory acts of individuals. It is important to note that the police patrol Brownsville not due to discrimination but due to the fact they want to offer safety to most law-abiding residents who need security. As crime level increases, the greatest number of victims are normally black. However, cops are also suffer the same fate (Mc Donald, 2016). In August 2015, a policeman in Birmingham, Alabama, was beaten by a convicted indiv idual after he was instructed to stop. Moreover, the suspect had snatched the officers gun, as Michael brown had attempted to do in Ferguson, however the officer hesitated to arrest him for fear of being accused of discrimination. Such situations will probable increase because the media is planning to make to expand the Black Lives Matter movement, their intention is to criticize the countrys police forces (Hoffman, Granger, Vallejos, Moats, 2016). In recent phases of economic changes, no other agency structure has been able to implement the policies. Corporations that had refrained from investing in New York City due to the increase in drugs have now settled there, therefore giving the residents a variety in shopping and also creating more job opportunities (Wilson, 2016). Older residents felt secure to visit the shops or to the administration offices to pick out up their social welfare checks. In addition, Kids felt free to ride their motorcycles on the sidewalks without being frightened that they would be killed. However, due to the false reports of the Black Lives Matter Movement, the crime rate has greatly increased since it has affected the appropriate operations of the police. Police patrolling the Cities and zones now find themselves being enclosed by cursing, and rude crowds once they make an attempt to arrest an individual (Hope, Keels Durkee, 2016). On occasion, they are injured as bottles and rocks are thrown to th em. Additionally, other individuals put their mobile phones near officers faces, daring them to continue with their responsibilities. This makes the police to be worried of being referred to as racists. Other individuals go to the extent of taking mobile phone video when the officers are arresting a black individual that unavoidably stops to reveal the antecedents to their use of force. Officers use of excessive tactics is a standard procedure, but the public does not understand the appropriate way to handle a suspect who is resisting arrest. Due to the anti-cop protests over the past years and the resulting retaliations that has been happening in the streets, officers in city centres are using the traditional form of policing that contributed to decrease in crime in the late Nineties and 2000s. This has led to decline in arrests and proceedings for low-level offenses. Moreover, Law enforcement officials delay to answer 911 calls whilst there is already an individual who is sufferin g. However, many cops fear that their jobs are at stake when they make individual to stop and get out of their vehicles and arresting those who hang out on drug dominated areas (Edwards, 2016). Law enforcement officials are, after all, human but time and again they are referred to as discriminatory for stopping and questioning black individuals in regions with increased crimes regions, therefore making them to perform their duties inappropriately. This is not a comprehensible experience, it is how matters should be handled. We will get much less of Policing, if politics continue to affect the legitimacy and assertiveness of the policies. However, the individuals protesting that the police should stop the use of excessive force that the officers backtrack are by no ways helping the entire black society. Unfortunately, while police back off in excessive crime regions, crime increase rapidly (Miller Schwartz, 2016). Our nation is facing an increase in violent crimes after a long time. Murders have risen by almost 17 percent within the kingdoms biggest towns in 2015. This happened in states with a majority of black people where the violence increased to maximum. During that pe riod, Baltimores per capital murder fee closing year was the best in it has ever recorded. In a decade, Milwaukee experienced the worst year, with a 70 % increase in homicides. Also, murders in Cleveland increased by 90% over the previous 12 months. Homicides rose by 80 % in Nashville, 55%in Washington, D.C, and 60% in Minneapolis. In Chicago, where pedestrian stops have been decreased by almost 90%, murders had been up by 80% since March 2016. Campaign Strategies The most common emphasis of the Black Lives Matter is that white officers should be stopped for killing black individuals. On March 2015, Justice System data at the Philadelphia police branch highlighted that black and Hispanic police have been more possibly than white officials to kill black individuals based on assumptions. This is the inappropriate perception that an individual is armed. An examination from the College of Pennsylvania criminologist Greg Ridgeway, previously acting manager of the National Institute of Justice, has discovered that black cops inside the NYPD had been 3 three times much more likely to use their weapons during shooting situations as compared to other cops present. During April 2015, in Baltimore, the killing of drug kingpin Freddie gray has aggravated the black Lives Matter narrative. This is despite the fact that the cops involved in the arrest and delivery of gray are black. It is not true that a white drug peddler in greys situations, with a compara ble records of faking accidents, would have been handled any in another way (Perry, 2016). Conclusion To conclude, Black Lives Matter is an organization that supports the right of the black individuals. Moreover, it is a philosophical and political intervention approach that protects the lives of the black people. The movement also highlights the contribution of black people in the community and their resilience within the face of lethal discrimination. In recent years, the nation has made tremendous progress by solving this problems. New York and other different large states have appreciably decreased their prison populations and the juvenile justice system has decreased young people confinement and detention through by over 40%. The whole discriminatory accusations has contributed to the narrowing down of police departments in major towns. This has led to an increase in the number of various crimes. The garner case has contributed to protests by the white individuals about the injustices within that justice structure, with 45 % of whites nationwide and half in New York town mention ing that the officer must had been indicted. Ultimately, right enforcement of the currently reauthorized loss of life in custody reporting act can ensure accurate facts on future police use of deadly force. References Bender, M. (2017). Black Lives Matter. Critical Education, 8(2). Cohen, C. J., Jackson, S. J. (2016). Ask a Feminist: A Conversation with Cathy J. Cohen on Black Lives Matter, Feminism, and Contemporary Activism. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 41(4), 775-792. Edwards, S. B. (2016). Black lives matter. ABDO. Matter, B. L. (2015). Black Lives Matter. Accessed September, 1. Garza, A., Tometi, O., Cullors, P. (2014). A history of the# Black Lives Matter movement. Thompson, A. I. (2016). Radical Rhetoric: The Mainstream Print Media's Framing of Black Lives Matter. Jee-Lyn Garca, J., Sharif, M. Z. (2015). Black lives matter: a commentary on racism and public health. American journal of public health, 105(8), e27-e30. Perry, E. L. (2016). Teaching History in the Age of Black Lives Matter: Embracing the Narratives of the Long Struggle for Civil Rights. American Journalism, 33(4), 465-470. Hope, E. C., Keels, M., Durkee, M. I. (2016). Participation in Black Lives Matter and deferred action for childhood arrivals: Modern activism among Black and Latino college students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 9(3), 203. Miller, B., Schwartz, J. (2016). The Intersection of Black Lives Matter and Adult Education: One Community College Initiative. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 2016(150), 13-23. Wettach, J. R., Counts-Scoggins, D., Green, M., Watson Jr, R. (2017). Black Lives Matter in School. Mead, J. (2015). Motion for Preliminary Injunction in Challenge to Mass Arrest of Black Lives Matter Protesters. Hooker, J. (2016). Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes of US Black Politics: From Democratic Sacrifice to Democratic Repair. Political Theory, 44(4), 448-469. Purtle, J. (2015). Lives matter. Do votes? Invited commentary on Black lives matter: Differential mortality and the racial composition of the US electorate, 1970-2004. Social Science Medicine, 136, 190-192. Hoffman, L., Granger Jr, N., Vallejos, L., Moats, M. (2016). An existentialhumanistic perspective on black lives matter and contemporary protest movements. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 56(6), 595-611. White, D. E. (2016). Black Intellectual Lives Matter: The Politics of Higher Education and Teaching Black Lives Matter. Wilson, W. J. (2016). Black youths, joblessness, and the other side of Black Lives Matter. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(8), 1450-1457. Howard, T. C. (2016). Why Black lives (and minds) matter: Race, freedom schools the quest for educational equity. The Journal of Negro Education, 85(2), 101-113. Powell, J., Kelly, A. (2017). Accomplices in the academy in the age of Black Lives Matter. Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis, 6(2), 3. Obasogie, O. K., Newman, Z. (2016). Black Lives Matter and Respectability Politics in Local News Accounts of Officer-Involved Civilian Deaths: An Early Empirical Assessment. Wis. L. Rev., 541. Hamilton, J. (2016). The Role of Social Media in Social Movements: The Case of Black Lives Matter (Doctoral dissertation, Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas). Burns, R. (2016). Women and the Black Lives Matter Movement: Relevance Past to Present. Dissenting Voices, 5(1), 6. Baker, H. A. (2016). The Black Bottom Line: Reflections on Ferguson, Black Lives Matter, and White Male Violence in America. American Literary History, 28(4), 845-853. McDonald, J. M. (2016). Ferguson and Baltimore according to Dr. King: How Competing Interpretations of King's Legacy Frame the Public Discourse on Black Lives Matter. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 36(2), 141-158.

Excellent Essays - Human Communication, Interpersonal Communication

Excellent 8 - 10 Points Good 6 - 7 Points Adequate3 - 5 Points Insufficient1 - 2 Points Instructions 5 points Follows instructions and includes all described steps or questions in the paragraph(s). 5 pts. Follows instructions and includes some of the described steps or questions in the paragraph(s). 4 pts. Does not follow instructions and does not consider the steps or questions when writing the paragraph(s). 3 pts. It is clear that the assignment instructions were not understood. 2 pts. Content Assignment Effort 3 points Written content is in correct format and includes detailed effort and/or information for the assignment. 3 pts. Written content is in correct format and includes sufficient effort and/or information for the assignment. 2.5 pts Written content is in correct format, but it does not show much effort and/or information for the assignment. 1.5 pts Written content i s not presented in the correct format, and displays no effort or information toward the assignment. 1 pt. Grammar 2 points Written content is free of grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. 2 pts. Written content contains less than 3 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. 1.5 pts. Written content includes 4-10 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors that causes distraction. 1 pt. Written content contains 11 or more grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors that are distractive. .05

Are you being paid a fair salary

Are you being paid a fair salary Here’s a question that will inevitably come up at some point (or several points) during your professional journey: Am I being paid what I’m worth? It’s a fair question- and one you should be comfortable with asking yourself whenever you do a â€Å"status check† while traveling along your career path. Why? Well, the truth is, in today’s ultra-competitive job market, employers in any given industry can offer a wide range of salaries for positions, and it’s absolutely within your best interests to know what end of the salary spectrum you’re on.Of course, many variables will come into play when you’re given a salary offer at the time of hire for a position (things like geographic location, years of experience, and even the relative financial health of the company can factor in), but one thing that’s true for employees across fields, positions, and locations is that the salary you agree to for a position can have a real impact on your long-term earning potential- both at your current position and company and for future positions, either there or at a new company. Many companies base things like salary offers and even raises and bonuses on your prior earning history, and if your salary is below the industry average for your position and experience, it may take years before you’re able to catchup to other, better compensated colleagues.   Taking into account the time and effort most of us put into our professional lives, it’s obviously important to ensure that you’re getting paid a fair salary for the work you do and contributions you make to your employer. And you can’t have faith that your employer is staying on top of what’s fair. In the tricky world of salary negotiations, you’re often going to be your own best advocate towards ensuring that you’re being compensated fairly.Hopefully, it’s now clear why educating yourself about compensation stand ards, practices, and trends in your industry is a valuable use of your time. Consider using the following strategies to help you determine if you’re being paid a reasonable salary.Steps to take to ensure your salary is what you deserveResearchYou don’t need us to tell you that the Internet is often your best friend when you’re in need of doing some research on a subject. When it comes to gathering salary info, it’s an invaluable tool as well. In fact, there are sites that are practically dedicated to this- check out Salary.com’s salary calculator tool or Glassdoor to determine what other folks in your field and position typically make.In addition, professional associations in your field may openly share important information like average salary and compensation to help you figure out where you’re at relative to your peers. Many professionals across industries maintain blogs that are designed to create supportive communities and share key inf ormation with their colleagues- use these to your advantage and feel empowered to ask questions as needed.Utilize your HR departmentRemember, your company’s HR department is there to support you with all sorts of issues that come up during your professional tenure. If you have questions or concerns regarding compensation, these are often good places to start. And if they don’t have all the answers you’re looking for, if they’re good at their jobs they’ll be able to direct you where to go for next steps.Check yourselfDon’t forget that the issue of professional satisfaction, which includes being content with your current salary, is highly personal- what makes you feel satisfied and fulfilled and meets your life needs will be different than anyone else. Therefore, a strong source to determine if you’re being paid reasonably is yourself. Look within, do a personal inventory, and try to assess whether or not you feel as if you’re cu rrently in a good place salary-wise. Regardless of what others in similar positions make, if you feel content with where you’re at, take that into consideration when deciding whether you’re compensated fairly.What not to doSalary issues can be highly emotional. If you feel as if you’re underpaid, it may set you off on a charged and volatile footing. That’s never a good place to operate from when it comes to issues involving your career. Be sure to keep your emotions in check when addressing compensation matters with your company. Also, avoid discussing salaries with your coworkers- many companies frown upon this, and it can also lead to animosity if there are clear disparities.One last thing to avoid- avoid ignoring the issue. If you feel unsatisfied or unclear regarding your compensation, simply ignoring it will undoubtedly lead to ongoing negative results. Take proactive steps to ensure that you’re a valued and fairly compensated member of your o rganization, and both you and your company will benefit from it.

Domestic Violence and Pregnancy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domestic Violence and Pregnancy - Research Paper Example Domestic violence as an issue pertaining the health of pregnant women involves nurses. Nurses are the persons who take care of the women, and help them address their issues. Introduction Domestic violence is a public health menace that results in the most injury to women in America. Domestic violence has been observed to begin, or increase during pregnancy. There are no typical relationships that are more prone to abuse than others. This is what makes it hard in addressing domestic violence during pregnancy. The impact of battering of women during pregnancy does not only affect the battered person. The infant and the family are also impacted on by the violent behaviour. Nurses in dealing with pregnant women have to make certain considerations in their assessment of the situation. In nursing care, the nurse has to carry out a physical and mental assessment of the battered woman. The nurse also has a role to play in helping curb domestic violence during pregnancy. These issues are addr essed in this essay. Domestic violence as it relates to pregnancy starts like domestic violence under any other conditions. There is a three-stage pattern that domestic violence follows, even when the woman involved is pregnancy. The first stage is tension-building which may last for many years (Schuiling & Likis, 2012). The abuse during this time is minor and is easily overlooked. Acts such as slapping and verbal abuse are taken lightly; whereas, in reality, they are the signs of danger. The second stage is called acute battering and is characterized by overt battering. This phase takes short periods of time but is the heart of the matter. The third phase known as the honeymoon phase follows closely after the acute battering. The barterer is remorseful of his acts and behaves in a way to convince the victim that they will be non-violent. Abuse during pregnancy focuses on areas that place the life of the unborn baby at risk. During nursing care, there are considerations that a nurse has to make when assessing domestic violence during pregnancy. First, the nurse has to consider the effect that the stress may have on the pregnant woman. During pregnancy, the woman is delicate and needs physical, mental, and emotional stability (Jasinski, 2004). In the event of abuse in the relationship, these spheres of the woman’s life are affected. As a result, the mother, infant, and other children in the family feel the repercussions. Battering impacts all persons around the battered pregnant woman, one way or another. When a pregnant woman is abused, she suffers stress, which affects her feeding. The woman may lose weight because of the stress. The unborn baby is placed at a risk since it depends on the mother for its nutrition. Other children in the family may also witness their pregnant mother being abused. Such children develop fear for the other parent leading to a dysfunctional society. Such children also may develop behavioural adjustments since they live in co nstant fear that stems from the violence that surrounds them. The development of such children is hampered by these incidences. They may also become overtly violent, as they vent the frustrations of watching helplessly as their mother is abused. Long-range effects are also possible in cases of domestic violence (Alksnis & Taylor). If a girl-child witnesses her mother being battered and the barterer suffers no consequences, the child might assume this is normal behaviour during pregnancy. The

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT - Essay Example There can be three different time horizons according to Jackson and Schuler (1990) for which human resource planning can take place – short-term (up to one year), intermediate term (one to three years) and long-term (more than three years). Since it is a growing trend by UK based companies to employ Indian executives for their overseas branches, the planning suggested here is on a long-term basis. Typically there are four phases of human resource planning – collection of data which helps to forecast the human resource demand, the human resource objectives have then to be established, then comes the designing and implementation phase where the organization achieves the human resource objectives (which means staffing, appraising, compensating and training) and finally these programs will have to be monitored and evaluated (Appendix A). For such planning an assessment of the macro environment is necessary both in India and the UK. In addition, the skill requirement has to be assessed as technological change is an ongoing process (MDR, 1997). The specific skill requirement, the unskilled and semi-skill have to be assessed in addition to the qualification of the present employees. The local employment market and the competition has to be assessed which would help in deciding at what stages it would be possible to get skilled people. The micro environment of the industry will give information about employee turnover, the prevalent salary, other terms of employment including promotions and transfers. In today’s world compensation packages do not matter and what matters is to have a talent powered organization consisting of highly motivated, skilled and loyal employees (Gordon, 2002). The recruitment activity requires making employment oppurtunities known to qualified individuals in a manner that proper job specifications are communicated. The required employee qualifications also need to be

Transatlantic Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Transatlantic Relationship - Essay Example They are characterized, by an extremely high level of integration and interdependence especially in the fields of economy, political-military and cultural; while on the other hand, by numerous tensions and confrontations weakening the validity of the transatlantic partnership. The success of the transatlantic relationship is based on the background of common values that has braced both Europe and America, therefore creating an identity of values that finds its roots in the ideas of the Enlightenment which encompass the centrality of freedom, democracy, and reason as primary values of the society. These principles represent a constant in the transatlantic expression and have stimulated any transatlantic joint action intended to defend and export them. One of the first documents that contributed to the establishment of a common transatlantic consciousness that have referred to these principles is The Atlantic Charter, signed on 14 August, 1941. This Charter set forth the joint declaration of their peace aims calling for the self-determination of all peoples and self-government and sovereign rights for all nations that had been deprived of them. Beyond the continent of Europe, the colonial system had to be dismantled and the promise of self-determination enshrined in the Atlantic Charter applied on a global scale. Another significant document containing transatlantic values and seeking to universalize them is the Charter of the United Nations which was signed on 26 June 1945. The preamble of the Charter reaffirms the need to promote peace, fundamental human rights, freedom, social and economic profess, and international law. The United States and the United Kingdom became the two of the naissance members of the United Nations, as well as two of the five permanent members of the Security Council. The end of the Cold War offered the impulse for strengthening and deepening the transatlantic relations. The values become Western and constantly relate themselves in opposition to any communist beliefs. So, the Cold War can be seen, not simply as a political-military confrontation between two powerful influences, but also as an ideology of altercation between two opposing systems of values. The Soviet's threat determined the institutionalization of the transatlantic alliance through the formation of the NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty brought NATO to existence to where the organization comprises a system of defense to where all member countries agree to offer defense in response to an attack by an external entity. NATO assured the lasting relationship of Euro-Atlantic area security, but marked the European security defense reliance towards the American military and logistic capabilities. The end of the Soviet Union and the bipolar system marked the commencement of the new era in th e international relations, and for the transatlantic relationship, in particular. Consequently, the transatlantic relationship merged at the end of the World War II as a set of values that ensured the promotion of freedom, democracy, respect for human rights, rule of law, and equality. This "historical partnership for democracy" (Dobrescu 2003:161) occurred in successive

The Wireless Internet Technology Computer Science Essay

The Wireless Internet Technology Computer Science Essay Wireless Internet gives us a permission to access World Wide Web or Internet email via wireless network. Without using any telephone line or any cable network wireless internet can be used. Not only in a particular place we can use the Internet through wireless Internet even if we are out of the office or home. People have tended to use wireless Internet not only it dont use wire but also it has easy using for their activities. When we consider about the wireless technologies, Wi-Fi, Wi-max, Blootooth, 3G and Satellite are examples. When we use these technologies to access Internet these technologies will help us in different ways, and difference technologies embedded in different devices. Some technologies are available in devices in default. And some can be connected. With recent advances in wireless Internet technology , high speed wireless connection are now available on laptops, cell phones ,and other mobile computing devices. paragraph{} Wireless Internet is become most important in today. In education, business, exploration, and govern like all this field use the facility of wireless Internet. The world has been become global. Then the information not limited to a particular place, in this situation wireless internet is the tool to link this all things together. Therefore people should not limited for a place like home or office. They must be able to access the internet at any place where they want. Therefore wireless Internet is very important to todays world. Internet is the most important and valuable topic in today. People use Internet to do their lots of activities. section{History of Wireless Internet.} begin{itemize} item German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his lab designed the primary electromagnetic radio waves in the year 1888. item In the year 1894 using radio waves in Oxford, England was sent by British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge as the first message. item Italian inventor Guglielmo Marcon delivered radio waves diagonally the English Channel in the year 1899. end{itemize} section{New features of the Wireless ISPs} However, modern wireless ISPs are able to provide connection speeds ranging anywhere from 384 Kbps to 2.0 Mbps. That is up to 35 times faster than dialup! One new wireless technology in development as of early 2009 is poised to increase the download speeds of wireless even further. WiMax promises to deliver maximum speeds of up to 7 Mbps to your laptop, your car, your cell phone, and your home. WiMax is only just now becoming available in some U.S. cities, but expect to see it in more locations by the end of the year and throughout 2010. Internet is a wide range of subject. Through the internet what we can do is not limited to the send emails and message activities through your mobiles phones. There are number of operations we can do by using the internet. But the technologies we that we use to access the internet is limit the those activities. To download avideo, share a large file, download streaming media, upload some large amount of data, it is better to having a high speed wireless Internet service Provider. In the present most mobile computers such as laptops comes with the facility to access the internet. It means the devices already have a wireless adapter installed in it. Not only that there are number of computer related devices which can be used to inernet remotely. Those devices have been set up to access the internet in any where the wireless ISP facility have been established. By today there are so many places they provide the facility to access the internet. And most of ISPs give the chance to their customers providing the internet access facility such as 3G, wi-fi in public areas. section{Requirements for a Wireless Internet Connection:} When we need to connect a device to the internet wirelessly, there are need some different equipments and facilities than when connecting using wired connection. To access the internet wirelessly it is good to have following things: begin{itemize} item Some type of mobile computing device, such as an iPhone, PDA, mini-computer, cell phone, or similar item or a laptop computer . item An internal wireless adapter or a USB port for connecting an external adapter. the adapter that you use must be compatible with the specific wireless provider you sign up for and the protocols they use. For example, a Wi-Fi 802.11 adapter. item A high speed, wireless Internet access plan from a provider in your area. item Free sniffer software for locating access at various Hot Spot locations (this software is typically supplied by your wireless Internet service provider). end{itemize} It is important to note that wireless home networking and wireless Internet access outside the home or office are two rather different things. Setting up a wireless LAN in your home should not involve a separate service beyond your current DSL or cable provider. They will typically provide you with all the equipment that you need, such as a wireless router, to establish a wireless LAN in your home at no extra cost. section{WISP Wireless Internet Service Provider} Wireless Internet Service Providers provide the public wireless services. There are number of WISPs available in today. In airports, hotels , computer schools and other public business places are covered with the networks using the wireless internet service providers. WISPs are mostly used to create the Local area networks(LAN). When you use a WISP, you must have the permissions to access it. But some WISPs give the access free. When you use it you must have the clear idea about the security of that WISP. Because there can spread the viruses through that networks. Therefore it will be harmful to your computers. Some WISPs give their service having some contracts, and some time they charge for their service. chapter{wireless Networks} section{What is a Wreless Network?} A wireless network is a kind of network which has interconnections between nodes without using a wire. In this methodology the network is established with the help of electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, LAN connections etc. wireless network is normal same as other network but use the wireless technology to transmit data through the network. There are some advantages uses the wireless network, because the devices within the network can be access within that area at any time anywhere. section{Types of Wireless Networks} subsection{Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)} Wireless lan is a wireless local area network which uses radio waves for data transmission between computers of the same network. WLANS allow users in local area such as in a university library get the access to the internet. subsection{Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)} Bluetooth and Infra Red technologies are used for wireless personal Network. These technologies will allow the connectivity of personal devices within an area of 30 feet. Infra Red requires a direct line and the range is less as compared to Bluetooth technology. subsection{Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN)} Wireless man is a Metropolitan area network that connects the computerof various local area networks. It could be within a building in the company. section{Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN)} WWANs or Wireless Area Networks can be maintained over large areas such as in different cities or between different countries, via multiple satellite systems or antenna sites. The types of system are called 2G systems. chapter{3G Internet} Access the internet using the 3G mobile network is meant by 3G Internet. 3G mobile network can be accessed through a mobile device which can be a mobile phone or PDA. Third generation technology is used by 3G internet, which allows users to access larger amount of data with a higher speeds. When comparing the other technologies which are used to access the internet, 3G technology is in a higher position. There are number of devices which provide the facilities to use 3G technology. section{3G internet vs. regular internet} To access the 3G internet there are some specific devices that are smaller and more compact than regular desktop and laptop computers. Mostly 3G internet is accessed by the mobile phones. Therefore the accessing internet is depend on the mobile phones size and the model. Because the mobile phone has more facilities it is easy to access the web pages to see in their normal sizes. Otherwise the applications interfaces view in smaller size. Mobile networks handle those data, therefore the accessing the internet through the 3G internet is simpler than the regular internet. There are limited download in 3G internet and it depend on the mobile service provider which is selected by you. When we use the wired network to access the internet we can use it within a limited area, but when weuse the 3G internet there has facility to access the intrenet within a wide area which is coverd by the mobile service provider. To acess the 3G internet there only need a mobile phone and the facility to 3G by the service provider. begin{itemize} item Speed of 10Mbps at 10 kilometers with line-of-sight with high throughput. item Easy installation and much faster installation compare to wired networks. item Full support for WMAN services. item Single station can serve hundreds of users. item It is standardized, and same frequency equipments work together. item Lower consumer premises equipment cost. item WiMAX is enabling for number of applications in customer and business because of its quality of service. end{itemize} section{Is the 3G internet right for you?} The main thing with the accessing internet through the mobile is the size of the viewing the web pages. Accessing 3G internet is some time not practical with the size of viewing to fulfil our needs through the 3G internet. There are some advantages as well as disadvantages. Some time the web pages which are viewed in the mobile phones or PDA are simple pages and they contain only the valuable details. At that time users dont need the vaste their time and they can get the information about what they are searched directly and fast. But they can be only less detailed. To watch some video, upload pictures, design tasks they are difficult to do with the 3G internet. But the very important fact is use the 3G internet is available in anywhere the signals available on the selected service providers. Nowadays it is not difficult because the every place covered by the service providers. section{So who will use 3G internet?} paragraph{} There are limited facilities have provided in 3G mobile internet. But it is easy way to access the internet than access the internet through the DSl or cable network. In business, students can use the 3G internet mostly. It would be useful to anyone who has the facility to access the internet anywhere. chapter{WiMAX } section{WiMAX: Broadband Wireless Access} paragraph{} WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. WiMAX is the IEEE 802.16 standards-based wireless technology that provides MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) broadband connectivity to access the internet. In a WiMAX is an Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, also known as the IEEE WirelessMAN air interface. As far as 30 miles of area can be covered using the WiMAX-based system by transmitting data. So far, WiMAX can be used for homes and offices communication . section{Wireless Standards} There are some wireless standards have been established by the IEEE. begin{itemize} item IEEE 802.15, also known as Bluetooth, for the Personal Area Network (PAN); item IEEE 802.11, also known as WiFi, for the Local Area Network (LAN); item IEEE 802.16 for the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), item IEEE 802.20 for the Wide Area Network (WAN). end{itemize} paragraph{} Normally miles are used to measure the WiMAX range and feet are used for the Wifi range. The main thing is that WiFi is focused on a local-area networking (LAN) technology and that WiMAX is a MAN technology. paragraph{} The 802.16d standard of extending 802.16 supports three physical layers . The mandatory PHY mode is 256-point FFT Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The other two PHY modes are Single Carrier (SC) and 2048 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) modes. By the way, the corresponding European standard-the ETSI HiperMAN standard-defines a single PHY mode identical to the 256 OFDM modes in the 802.16d standard. paragraph{} A WiMAX system consists of two parts: begin{itemize} item A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower A single WiMAX tower can provide coverage to a very large area as big as 3,000 square miles (~8,000 square km). item A WiMAX receiver The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today. end{itemize} paragraph{} There are namy advantages included in WiMAX-based solutions, robust security features, good Quality of Service, and mesh and smart antenna technology that will alow better utilization of the resources. WiMAX-based voice service can work on either traditional Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) voice or IP-based Voice, also known as Voice over IP (VoIP). paragraph{} WiMAX is similer to WiFi but the WiMAX have higher speed than Wi-Fi and would cover a large area by spreading in a long distance than covering from WI-Fi. Therefore using WiMAX large number of users can access the internet. Use the WiMAX than Wi-Fi is better to get more works. chapter{Wi-Fi Wireless Internet} paragraph{} WiFi stands for wireless fidelity and is a popular technology being used by homes, workplaces, mobiles and computer systems world-wide. paragraph{} Using radio waves produce the high speed internet services and network connection can be described in the Wi-Fi internet. This technology mostly used in the business places, universities, and offices. Wi-Fi technology can be used in a limited area. Within that area any can access the internet through a device like laptop which has a wireless adapter. paragraph{} Wi-Fi works using radio frequency, without using any wired connection between sender and the receiver. When we use the Wi-Fi to a network, automatically create a wireless local area network (WLAN). Wi-Fi provide Fast data transfer rate. With transfer speeds up to 54mb. paragraph{} Within the Wi-Fi established area users can move with their computers from one access point to another. The cost for the wired network is can be saved using wireless networks. paragraph{} begin{itemize} item Normally open or un-encrypted as a default setting comes with the WiFi (wireless fidelity) networks. item In order to secure a WiFi, network, connection must distribute with password protected and the device must be configured using a Graphical User Interface or GUI. item Un-encrypted networks are freely accessible and any data can be accessed through these. Therefore the spreading of viruses can be happen. end{itemize} chapter{Other Technologies} section{Bluetooth} subsection{What is Bluetooth?} paragraph{} Bluetooth is one of wireless technology most used in today in the digital devices. That technology is used to access the internet too. Bluetooth technology is use o communicate between various electronics and that technology has been expanding every day. Mostly used in mobiles phones, personal computers, PDA, Laptops, digital camera, MP3 players and other Bluetooth enabled devices. paragraph{} The Bluetooth technology was invented by Ericson in 1994, and after in 1998 that the major mobile phone companies such as Nokia, Ericsson, Intel and Toshiba gathered to promote this technology. Using Bluetooth there can be connected eight devices at a time. Communication can be established hopping channels up to 1600 times per second. Bluetooth wireless technology works by allowing the transmission of signals over short distances between these devices and there by abridge communication and synchronization between these devices. subsection{How it Works} paragraph{} The Bluetooth chip can operate between the frequency band of 2400-2483.5Mhz. Bluetooth is designed to use in area where the wireless communication such as infrared are not working. Between the devices which are use to connect to using the Bluetooth there doesnt need to have a clear path between them for connecting the devices. paragraph{} Bluetooth wireless technology works by allowing the transmission of signals over short distances between these devices and there by abridge communication and synchronization between these devices. section{GPRS} GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service, and is a protocol for passing data over a mobile phone network. And GPRS use to access the internet through the mobile phones. Even though there is no 3G facility, you can access the internet with having the GPRS facility in your phone. Heres what you need to know about GPRS: begin{itemize} item GPRS replaced dial-up mobile phone Internet access, offering faster browsing of Internet content and email. Its an always on service. item GPRS on a mobile phone doesnt use a phone number to connect; it uses something called an APN (Access Point Name). item For GPRS usage, have to pay for the amount of data you transferred, and not need to pay for your online time per minute. item GPRS has now been largely superseded by faster data network services known as 3G end{itemize} chapter{Conclusion} To access the internet it is easy to use the wireless technology because it can be used in everywhere the signal are available in internet service providers. When we select the technology to access the internet we must consider about the speed, cost, availability of signals, suitability of the needs. According to the tasks we wants to fulfil the technology can be different. When you use the 3G Internet through the mobile phones it is better to consider about the size of viewing. Bluetooth is mostly use to connect phones with the computers than connecting computer to a computer. There are various networks in wireless technology which are related to the different places. begin{thebibliography}{100} bibitem {}Unknown Author. (2002). textit{Wireless Internet Service}. Available: http://www.high-speed-internet-access-guide.com/wireless/. Last accessed 10 June 2010. bibitem {}Unknown . (2008). textit{3G Intrenet}. Available: http://www.broadband-expert.co.uk/3g-internet/. Last accessed 10 June 2010. bibitem {}unknown. (2002). textit{GPRS in the UK}. Available: http://www.filesaveas.com/gprs.html. \ Last accessed 11 June 2010. bibitem {}unknown. (2007). textit{Wireless Network Types}. \ {Available: http://www.networktutorials.info/wireless_networking.html}. 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(2005). textit{Different Types of Wireless Network}. \ {Available:http://www.greyfriars.net/gcg/greyweb.nsf/miam/article01}. Last accessed 11 June 2010. bibitem {}unknown. (2010). textit{Introduction to Network Types}. \ {Available:http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/a/network types.htm}. \Last accessed 07 June 2010. bibitem {}unknown. (2010). textit{Wireless Networks}. {Available:http://www.topbits.com/wireless-networks}. Last accessed 07 June 2010. bibitem {}unknown. (2010). textit{WISP Wireless Internet Service Provider}. {Available:http://compnetworking.about.com/od/wirelessterms/g/bldef wisp.htm}. \ Last accessed 07 June 2010. bibitem {}Jeff Tyson. (2008). textit{How WAP Works}. \ {Available:http://compnetworking.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ/YazTi=1sdn=compnetworkingcdn=computetm=552f=internet.htmv}. \Last accessed 24 May 2010. end{thebibliography} end{document} end{document}

Egyptian And Mexican Pyramids Essay -- essays research papers fc

Mysteries of the Ancient World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many centuries people have been fascinated by ancient cultures and treasures. During the last two centuries the science of archeology and modern inventions allowed people to get inside of the Egyptian and Mayan pyramids and discover the treasures of Egyptian pharaohs and Mayan rulers. Most of what we know about Egypt we owe to the pyramids. Thanks to Egyptian belief in the afterlife we can now find out about the civilization that existed nearly five thousand years ago. Egyptian culture is not the only culture that left us its heritage in pyramids. In America we find pyramids build by civilizations of Olmec and Maya about 7th century CE. These pyramids had different purposes and usage then the ones in Egypt but they stand as memorials to ancient civilizations as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Egyptian people believed in life after death. One of the way pharaohs prepared themselves for the afterlife journey was by building a pyramid and putting there all their belongings and riches. Egyptian people believed that pharaoh is the closest person to the God and treated him accordingly. That is the reason for Egyptian tombs being full with the golden jewelry, precious stones and art objects. Most of the time art objects were not considered a treasury but they played their particular role in religious rituals. Jars were holding food and drinks for pharaoh’s journey, so he would not get hungry and would have food and drinks to offer to the Gods. The figurative sculptures were suppose to accompany Ka ( spiritual entity) in its lonely stay or serve as a twin for the mummy. If something happens to the mummy the ka could use the sculpture of the pharaoh for the revelation. As well as for Egyptians religion was an everyday concern for many of the Maya, whether the dynastic ruler, the zealous priest, or the humble believer. Maya has an extensive religion structure which we can not know in details. Chac and Itzamna are the most famous gods of Mayan culture. Hunahpu and Xbalanque are among the most interesting mythical characters. One of the most crucial gods was Tlaloc, who was worshiped in various guises by the culture of Teotihuacan, the Toltec of Tula, and later Aztecs. The Maya received the cult of Tlaloc during the 4th century more or less. The Cauac Monster, also known as the Witz monster, is a... ...ties of the ancient Maya†. Mystery of Maya. CMCC. May 1999. http://www.civilization.ca/membrs/civiliz/maya/mmc01eng.html â€Å"Herodotus Reports on Mummification.† May 1999. http://pluto.clinch.edu/history/wciv1/civ1ref/mummy.html â€Å"Life in Ancient Egypt. Shabtis.† Ed. Craig Patch. Exc. from Reflections of Greatness: Ancient Egypt at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 1990. http://www.yahoo.com/egypt/ â€Å"Maya Civilization.† Mystery of Maya. CMCC. May 1999. http://www.civilization.ca/membrs/civiliz/maya/mmc01eng.html Newby, P.H. The Egypt story, its art, its monuments, its people, its history. Italy: Abbreville Press: 1979. Payne, Elizabeth. The pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. New York: Random House, Inc. 1984. â€Å"Photographs of Maya ruins of Tikal showing how Hasselblad cameras and Zeiss lenses result in better pictures†. Maya Art & books. International Photographic Archive of Maya Art. June 1998. http://www.maya-art-books.org/html/New_photos.html â€Å"The First Egyptian Mummies†. Corkankhamun explains mummification. May 1999. http://members.aol.com/mumifyddog/first.html â€Å"Why Egyptians Made Mummies†. Corkankhamun explains mummification. May 1999. http://members.aol.com/mumifyddog/first.html

Hoovers policies and attitudes in the years 1929-33 Essay

Asses the view that Hoover’s policies and attitudes in the years 1929-33 merely prolonged the depression. President Herbert Hoover came in to power in America in 1928. He was a man with a strong belief and he believes in individualism and believed passionately in the values of hard work and enterprise. However, he came in power at a time where America was in an economic crisis, where unemployment was shooting up as well as inflation, America had entered a new era where inequality was increasing more than ever for example New York had one million unemployed whereas Ohio has 50% of the population unemployed, thus it was vital for Hoover’s policies to be adequate in order to restore prosperity. Source 7 clearly argues that Hoover’s attitudes and policies were inadequate and â€Å"failed again and again†. Similarly, source 8 believes that his faith in his own policies has only prolonged the depression even more, thus both sources have a clear consensus between them. On the other hand source 9 argues that a lot was actually done in order to get Americans back on their feet, thus Hoover’s attitudes and policies were good for America. However, it is clear that Hoover simply did not do enough in order to deal with this economic crisis as he was seen to be as a very â€Å"stubborn† person as source 7 argues and he simple could not read between the lines. Source 7 describes Hoover as a very stubborn person who â€Å"Remained convinced that he was right† Hoovers attitudes towards agriculture did not help American farmers at all. The agricultural marketing act was established in 1929 which artificially purchased farmers surpluses at prices above the market price. Hoover gave the Federal Farm Board $500M, yet Hoover still not think through exactly what he was doing. The agricultural market was in a significant decline in America during the 1930s and he only encouraged farmers to produce more as the Federal Reserve board was purchasing their surpluses. Furthermore, he was accused of throwing away tax payers money which was extremely regressive. Similarly, source 8 believes that Hoover undertook some â€Å"harmful policies† where he also â€Å"resisted congressional attempts to provide more substantial farm relief† this can be seen through the fact that instead of putting money into farmer’s pockets he actually took it away. Farming was seen as the backbone of the American economy and Hoovers Agricultural Marketing Act seemed like something that was rushed and never thought through which emphasises how Hoover simply lacked knowledge in many areas of the economy. Furthermore, he never thought about agricultural on an international level and the consequences his actions would have, thus his attitudes towards individualism was clearly not applicable to American society at that time as American clearly needed a Keynesian approach towards the economy where money would be significantly pumped in to the circulation of the economy. Source 8 also believes that the Hawley-Smoot Tariff was significantly damaging towards Americans â€Å"which he signed despite the advice of most economists†. This emphasises his attitudes towards his policies, he in his own â€Å"fantasy world† as source 7 also describes as he simple did not have any fixed approach towards fixing the damaged economy. Hoover did not realise exactly what was needed for the American economy as if he did, he would have realised that putting a 40% duty on agricultural products would not have stimulated the economy. This fantasy world consisted of just his own approach, which was not thought through, he believed just because he had a very hard work ethic meant that everyone else could have one too, however, this was not the case in America as Americans simply had no money in their pockets to start them off and they needed relief in order to get back on their feet again. Furthermore, his policies had a very short run effect as he believed by putting tariffs up it would help farmers gain more revenue. However, with agriculture being such a competitive market, it only led to retaliation as countries all across Europe could not afford high prices as they were in an economic crisis too. Furthermore, the Hawley-Smoot tariff resulted in the abandonment of free trade amongst European nations, thus it was extremely damaging for the agricultural market as they could not sell their surpluses and had to eventually dump their goods in different countries, therefore Hoover did pro long the depression. Furthermore, source 8 also argues that Hoovers approach towards unemployment was also not good enough as he â€Å"blocked direct aid to the unemployed†. This is because of his hands off approach attitude that he undertook during the 1930s was not radical enough and could be seen as taking things â€Å"too modestly† as source 8 states. The Emergency Committee for Employment aimed to help agencies provide relief of $500, however, due to his self-reliance attitude he did not allow direct federal relief. This clearly shows how Hoover was not thinking ahead and his attitudes were far behind time as he did not realise exactly how badly Americans needed the governments help and it was crucial to intervene in the economy as much as possible. However, Hoovers $500M was not large enough to help the millions of people in America who were unemployed and did not have the basic necessities in life, growth was literally not possible without the government intervening as GDP was getting lower and lower. However, taking into account that many countries were in a nation debt, it was obviously not possible for Hoover to magically get a large sum of money in order to give relief to firms and other sectors, thus there was actually a limited amount that Hoover could do even though he did have a hands off approach towards America. Source 9 completely contradicts source 8 and 7 as Leuchtenburg believes Hoover â€Å"Stepped up federal construction and urged state and local governments to accelerate spending† thus Hoover did make significant changes that did not pro long the depression. One of his most significant polices was the reconstruction finance corporation which was authorised to lend $1.5 billion to states to finance public works. Not only was this a very direct relief but it also had many benefits as it helped insurance companies as well as banks. One major aspect of the RFC was the fact that it lent 90% to small and medium banks, which was a turning point as rural small banks were hardly ever noticed and no other president intervened the way Hoover did and this contradicts Patterson’s view of Hoover having â€Å"minimal government intervention†, thus his lack of intervention may have been exaggerated by source 7 and 8. The â€Å"increased capital investment† as source 9 suggests also helped the economy as investment was a crucial part of GDP and investment would have allowed firms to innovate in America, thus Hoover had noticed the â€Å"grim reality† of the depression as he was doing what he could have in order to restore the economy. However, the RFC was only available to states that declared bankruptcy and they had to use the money to provide schemes which would earn money so that loans could be repaired and this perfectly fits in with Parrish’s view of how the â€Å"economic crisis required maximum cooperation† , which Hoover was not giving at that time as all banks and businesses needed some sort of relief which he was not doing. Furthermore, even if he was cooperated it was a little too late, thus Hoover did pro long the depression. Overall, it is clear the Hoover’s approaches were not good enough for American society in the 1930s and he did pro long the depression. One vital error that Hoover made was the fact that he was not helping the unemployed as much as he should have as in order to stimulate the economy, a wage was needed and with a wage tax could have been paid which could have been used to fund the public with goods. Therefore, if Hoover had considered getting people into work this would have automatically had a positive knock on effect. Furthermore, a hands off approach was not needed in times of the depression as Americans did not have money to get back on their feet as many banks were not giving out loans due to the effects that the boom period had on them, therefore a lot of intervention was needed. Thus, it is clear that Hoover did make big mistakes during the depression as he did not see the reality of it and did not try to tackle the main problems as he had no detailed plan.